Researchers have taken a major step toward merging biology and technology by developing microscopic artificial neurons capable of interacting with real brain cells from mice.
The study, published in Nature Nanotechnology, is part of the rapidly growing field of neuromorphic computing — systems designed to mimic the function of the human brain.
According to Mark Hersam of Northwestern University, the goal is to build computing systems that can process massive amounts of data while consuming far less energy than conventional digital computers — a key challenge in the age of artificial intelligence.
From computing to medicine
Beyond computing, the breakthrough could enable more advanced brain–computer interfaces, allowing devices to be controlled through neural activity.
Such technologies could be used in prosthetics or communication aids. In the longer term, artificial neurons may help replace damaged nerve cells or restore lost brain functions in conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease.
How the artificial neurons were built
Traditional silicon chips cannot replicate brain tissue, as they are rigid and rely on fixed circuitry. In contrast, biological neurons are flexible and operate within constantly changing networks.
To overcome this limitation, researchers used printable inks containing materials such as graphene and molybdenum disulfide, deposited onto flexible polymer substrates.
By carefully controlling how the polymer was heated and partially degraded, the team created microscopic structures that allow electrical currents to spike and then decay — closely mimicking neuronal firing patterns.
Communicating with brain cells
To test whether these artificial signals could be recognized by biological tissue, the researchers placed the devices next to mouse brain cells in laboratory conditions.
The results showed that the biological neurons synchronized their activity with the artificial signals, effectively “reading” them as if they originated from natural neural tissue.
What comes next
The next major challenge is to connect artificial neurons into functional networks using artificial synapses, enabling more complete brain-like processing.
If successful, this technology could transform both computing and medicine, paving the way for new forms of energy-efficient computing and innovative therapeutic approaches.